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Frequently Asked Questions

 

What is racial profiling?

Racial profiling refers to any action undertaken by a person or by persons in a situation of authority over a person or group of persons, for reasons including public safety, security or protection, based on real or presumed appearance factors such as race, colour, ethnic or national origin or religion, without real reason or reasonable suspicion, and that exposes the person to examination or to different treatment.

Like most other types of discrimination, racial profiling usually takes on subtle and insidious forms.

Racial profiling can occur in a variety of contexts, including the following:

  • In the field of public security;
  • In situations involving security personnel (private agencies, doormen, security guards, etc.);
  • In public institutions, in the context of applying laws, regulations, etc.;
  • In cases involving public service providers (stores, bars, etc.).


What is a racialized minority?

"Racialized minority" and "visible minority " are equivalent terms for the Commission. They refer to individuals that are "non-white", and as a consequence, more likely to be victims of racism and discrimination in our society. In the Canadian context, those individulas are Aboriginal people and people whose country of descendance or origin have been colonized or enslaved.

For reasons both sociological and political that are developed in the final Report, the Commission prefers to employ the term "racialized minority" over "visible minority" and is using the former.



Which groups are more likely to be victims of racial profiling?

In today’s Québec, the “racialized” groups that are most likely to be victims of racial profiling are Blacks, persons of Latin American, South Asian or Arab origins, and Muslims as well as Aboriginals persons.

Although racial profiling affects racialized persons of every age, youth are the most likely to be targeted; partly because they are major users of public spaces (e.g.: parks, shopping centres, metro stations, etc.), but also because of stereotypes that attribute a greater propensity for anti-social behaviour to them



What is systemic discrimination?

Systemic discrimination involves both direct and indirect discrimination.

We speak of direct discrimination when a person is openly and avowedly subject to different treatment based on a prohibited grounds for discrimination.

Indirect discrimination refers to the application of a rule, policy or practice that appears to be neutral, but that has potentially harmful effects on members of groups designated in Section 10 of the Charter.

Systemic discrimination is based on the dynamic interaction between decisions and attitudes tainted by prejudice, and on organizational models and institutional practices that have harmful effects, whether intended or not, on groups that are protected by the Charter.

Whether it is direct, indirect or systemic, discrimination is generally sustained by stereotypes and prejudices, either conscious or not, that disqualify or stigmatize individuals specifically because of their colour, appearance or membership in an ethnic group, whether it is real or presumed. Those stereotypes and prejudices also reinforce the social and economic exclusion of those individuals.